The circumstances governing the international system and global power structure are indicative of the spread of insecurity and crisis at varying local to international scales. As much as the development of pervasive and far-reaching crises has created challenges for the international security systems and requires the need for rearrangement of and transition from security ambiguities, it has similarly added to the importance of adopting efficient strategies and updating the national security policymaking structure of countries. “ Erosion” as an ancient and efficient strategy adopted by different countries during wars, crisis control, and change in power balance is rooted in history, and has been used by weak or strong sides of various conflicts as a strategic initiative while incorporating efficient and economical mechanisms. Despite the wide applications of this strategy in national security policymaking, there is no formulated theoretical framework outlining its deep knowledge and effective use at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. The existing literature on erosion is of historical and descriptive nature and does not embody a theoretical framework. For this reason, the present study aims to provide a theoretical framework for the strategy of erosion in national security policymaking through review of theoretical literature and tapping scientific knowledge available in the fields of strategic management and strategic policymaking as well as scientific and historical information on the erosion strategy. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach and by utilizing an analytical-descriptive method. Information was gathered on a library basis, and a deep qualitative analysis method was adopted for information analysis.

We are... So, to reframe the inquiry: who are we on a metaphysical level? Which aspects of ourselves are the most universally representative of who we are? How do we fare in the face of the passage of time? For decades, philosophers have debated the concept of diachronic personal identity, which focuses on the question of what keeps us alive. An intricate debate has developed between those who hold the body view (animalism) and those who hold the psychological view (memory) on the question of who we are. The two groups will eventually become so firmly set in their views that they will be unable to compromise. Hylomorphic animalism, or the view that humans are rational animals, living bodies made of prime matter and a rational soul, is an alternative answer to this divisive question that I propose in this study, following in the footsteps of Aristotle and Aquinas. We only survive if matter and rational souls do.

The influential physicist Richard Feynman became interested in the relationship between religion and science during a mid-career phase. He proposed that their interface was embroiled in unresolvable difficulties. He felt that science demanded an attitude of uncertainty for its claims, while religion contrarily required certain belief in its core doctrines. Though possessing several non-contradictory dimensions, Feynman felt that the nature of the truth claims of science and religion suffered from insurmountable elemental conflicts. This was by contrast to Karl Popper, the leading critical rationalist of the 20th century, who argued that there could be no tension between science and religion. This paper will argue that the ‘Feynman Problem’ is not as insoluble as it appears. Rather, several solutions exist within critical rationalism. Two will be presented-the first revolves around the conjectural basis of knowledge and is already a well characterised critical rationalist notion. The second is a novel solution based on the separate categorisation of psychological, pragmatic, and epistemological attitudes to religion and science. Karl Popper’s view of religion-science dissimilarity was a minimalist point of departure for critical rationalists, who have developed increasingly sophisticated frameworks for investigating the relationship between faith and reason. Critical rationalism represents an equally inspirational methodology for the pursuit of scientific and religious truth. Though both Feynman and Popper’s views on religion were underdeveloped, they foreshadowed the religion-science frameworks advocated by many late 20th century scientists, especially in the form of New Atheism and Gould’s NOMA theory.

One of the most interesting topics in Islamic and Western Philosophy is to determine the boundaries and limits of reason in knowing the real world. Following the existential limits of reason in knowing the reality, we come to its limits in announcing and asserting the facts. In this article, by appealing to the authorized criterions, I try to show both the cognitive and the assertive limits of reason and, thus, to determine the realm of necessary silence of reason about the objects of the world. However, the realm and object of necessary silence of reason is attainable to rational speech in a specific way. The structure of the reason and the special character of the objects allow that rational speech and rational silence come together without causing contradiction.

The water crisis in Iran for nearly two decades has become an important concern for people and politicians and has always been raised in the media. Locating in dry and semi-arid belt and low rainfall, there are few water resources in Iran. Resource management should offset water scarcity through a variety of methods, due to population growth and agricultural and industrial development. The government has the most important role in this regard, which needs to have a good policy for water management. However, at the present moment water crisis is not considered as a priority for policymakers, and the lack of a well-structured program, as well as poor performance of the authorities has worsened the country’ s water resources. Various institutions are involved in water resources management, which are generally divided into policy and executive institutions. Water resources policymakers have not yet come up with coherent and clear policies for understanding the water crisis and for a genuine crisis resolution. In the area of executive bodies, every water-related entity, regardless of the water crisis and the consequences of implementing sectoral policies on water resources, is trying to meet its organizational goals. The lack of expertise and coherent policies in the face of the water crisis and the implementation of sectoral policies without sufficient attention to water scarcity have put the country’ s development policies on the water resources and the challenges of the water crisis are constantly increasing. The main question of the article is what is the policy of water in Iran since 2001? Based on this question, our hypothesis is that the water crisis is not well positioned in macroeconomic policy, leading to a lack of clear and comprehensive planning for the crisis and that existing programs are partly due to lack of coordination between institutions and agencies. The water crisis has not finally come to end.

This paper focuses on soft power as a means of simultaneous defense and offense (without in-depth discussion of the nature of soft threats) before discussing potential and actual soft power capacities of the Islamic Republic. It also elaborates on possible applications of this immense source of national power to both head off soft threats and impress target societies in an offensive manner. In fact, the main hypothesis of this paper is that overemphasis on the concept of "soft threat" will cause the Islamic Republic to ignore its "soft power" resources, especially in cultural and civilizational fields, and unconsciously take a defensive position when formulating and implementing relevant policies.

The world is considering the great change in sphere of globalization process in 21st century in which individuals living on earth are regarded as members of a mutual political entity. Economic globalization is the most significant and conspicuous model of globalization. One of the most important issues in economic globalization process is the function of states in economic policymaking. The present research takes into consideration the effect of economic globalization on economic policymaking of states. The main hypothesis of research is that economic globalization shows a trend in depoliticization of economic policymaking.

Development requires planning, policymaking and management in all stages of preparation of the vision, strategy and implementation. Attempts have been made to show that division of labor and specialization of science on the side of some philosophies involve threatening influence of technocracy on policymaking. Technocracy ultimately prevents development from moving towards the direction of public welfare. Hence, in order to have suitable indigenous development and progress, we need philosophical backgrounds as suitable contexts for possibility of criticism and reformation of policymaking.